The content of the training was informed by the College of Policing (CoP) Learning Standards, which provide a framework for mental health training for police officers, and a systematic review of mental health training for non-mental health trained professionals [10]. Visualization, Pragmatic, two-armed cluster randomised controlled trial in one police force in England. Investigation, At the time of the study mental health tags could only be added to an incident by force control room staff directly, or by frontline officers requesting that a mental health tag be applied to an incident via force control room staff. volume 12, pages353–372(2019)Cite this article, A Correction to this article is available. Methodology, (2009). Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) were also eligible for the trial. Writing – review & editing, Affiliation Writing – original draft, Incident-level data on all incidents reported to NYP in a four-week period were collected from the Niche system before (April 2016) and approximately six months after (mid-November to mid-December, to avoid the Christmas period) the delivery of the training. At least 4 clusters per arm are recommended for a cluster RCT[14], and our sample size exceeds this minimum recommendation (with six clusters per arm) whilst allowing for resource constraints (i.e., considering the number of frontline officers it was feasible to train during the intervention delivery period). Mark E. Hartman declares that he has no conflict of interest. Not so the generation of contemporary employees. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 23, 132–153. Writing – original draft, Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/, International Association of Chiefs of Police. For example, Street Triage has been piloted in a number of police forces throughout England and aims to improve how police officers respond to people with possible mental health problems through collaboration with mental health professionals [7]. In addition, practitioners in charge of police training should develop and employ obstacle courses composed of critical work tasks, as they may be strongly related to tests of aerobic endurance, strength, muscular endurance, and agility. Investigation, The minimisation factors of the randomised stations are summarised descriptively overall and by trial arm. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. If frontline officers received training in how to effectively manage such individuals, it was hoped that this would reduce the likelihood of these individuals being involved in further incidents, thereby reducing the number of incidents being reported to the police. (1982). Additionally, the trial was not specifically powered to detect a particular difference in any outcome. Agencies agree that education and training are critical needs; however, adopting techniques that keep pace with an onslaught of new and updated policies can be a challenge. However, the leap between the intervention and outcome is a somewhat large one and any beneficial effect could be diluted and/or take a while to observe. The advantage of defining this as our primary outcome was that it could be measured using routinely collected data, and does not pose an assessment burden for the public or the police. Political interest in how the police record and respond to incidents involving individuals with mental health has increased following a recent report into the police’s use of Section 136 of the Mental Health Act (MHA), which gives officers the power to remove anyone who appears to be suffering from mental health problems from a public place to a place of safety (PoS) (e.g., a hospital, or police custody when there is no health-based PoS (HBPoS) available) [8]. For example, Training and Education about Mental Illness for Police Organisations (TEMPO) [11] is being introduced into police forces in Canada and the Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) programme [12] is being introduced into police forces in the USA and elsewhere. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2013.810213. Police Training Revisited—Meeting the Demands of Conflict Training in Police with an Alternative Pedagogical Approach Social Development and Police Reform: Some Reflections on the Concept and Purpose of Policing and the Implications for Reform in the UK and USA It was originally planned to consider the number of “frequent” callers as a secondary outcome; however, data for this could not be obtained due to issues with how the data are recorded and not being able to extract data in a format that was suitable for analysis. Task analyses for skills in Experiment 1 are shown in Tables 4 (pressure point), 5 (disarming), and 6 (kick). College of Policing; HBPoS, The Journal also offers articles focused on criminal behavior, the application of psychology to effective correctional practices, and in facilitating recovery of crime victims. Writing – review & editing, Roles Data curation, Police training in ethics: The need for an innovative approach in mandated programs. 2. The Court held that police departments may be held liable when a failure to adequately train officers leads to a deliberate indifference to the constitutional rights of those that the police come into contact with (Marion, 1998). The rank/role of one attendee was missing. This included: the incident occurrence number and the ‘CAD log’. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. All incidents reported to NYP between 1st and 30th April 2016, and between 15th November and 14th December 2016 were extracted, and all incidents attended by at least one officer from a station participating in the trial were retained for analysis. In the UK, police forces are required to adhere to the CoP standards for mental health training provision, but have autonomy to decide how training is delivered and so the amount of training received varies across forces [9]. (2001). In this article, writer Redditt Hudson, a former police officer, explains how the danger, stress, and sometimes already-present institutional racism within a police force can perpetuate racism and make officers calloused. Nieuwenhuys, A., Calijouw, S. R., Leijsen, M. R., Schmeits, B. Due to the nature of the intervention, it was not feasible to blind police stations and individual participants to the group they were allocated to; however, stations allocated to the control group were not explicitly informed of their allocation. Training for police officers is mandatory and so following approval from the police force’s training commissioning group, participation in the training intervention was made compulsory for eligible frontline officers reporting to stations that were randomised to the intervention group. William J. Lewinski declares that he has no conflict of interest. A longer follow-up than six months, was not possible in this study but is recommended for future studies to investigate longer-term impact. (2015). An analogous approach was taken for the likelihood of an incident having Section 136 of the MHA applied (either in custody or a HBPoS). Data curation, Experiment 3 examined the content and effect of block training with scenario-based feedback across 15 weeks during the academy. through sickness) officers from larger stations are sent to cover the deficit; smaller stations were therefore considered to pose a more significant contamination risk. No, Is the Subject Area "Community based intervention" applicable to this article? The police setting is considerably different to other contexts such as health and education and so it is recommended that when conducting research in this area that individuals within key policing roles (e.g. The adjusted incidence rate ratio (IRR) is presented with a 95% confidence interval (CI) and p value, where an IRR of less than 1 indicates a decrease in the predicted number of recorded incidents that require a police response in stations allocated to the intervention group relative to those allocated to the control group. Review of sports performance research with youth, collegiate, and elite athletes. PoliceOne.com Data curation, About this story: Training is at the heart of the national debate over police use of force. Political theorists explain that police and military occupy points along the continuum of state violence, separated sometimes spatially and at other moments by philosophy—the fluid line between them now and again dissolved. Police Constable; PCSO, L. Criminology & Police Sci. Ergonomics, 58(9), 1496–1506. O’Neill, J., O’Neill, D.A., Weed, K. et al. (2014). Although national data are not available, regional police forces routinely record mental health issues through mental health ‘warning markers’ which are applied to an individual’s record to indicate that they have mental health problems, and mental health tags, which indicate that mental health is a factor in an incident. We were therefore faced with the situation where incidents could be attended by officers reporting to intervention and control stations and stations not involved in the trial. This study evaluated the effectiveness of one bespoke mental health training package for frontline police officers relative to routine training. Each training day was attended by a median of 9 officers (range 3 to 20). Officer in Case; PC, Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 27, 100–112. Chappell, A. T. (2008). This review was conducted blind to whether or not a tag was actually applied. All NYP officers received training on mental health between January and March 2016. Conceptualization, The overall Cohen’s kappa coefficient was 0.65, indicating moderate agreement (Table 5). Twelve police stations across North Yorkshire were recruited and randomised into the trial; six to the intervention group and six to the control group (Fig 1). The University of York acted as sponsor. Project administration, United States of America; UK, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Final report of the President’s task force on 21st century policing. The timing of the intervention’s delivery was decided with the NYP training department to ensure that there was sufficient time for the training department to organise the release of officers to attend the training and that the training was delivered within the project’s time frame to allow for the six month follow-up period. number of police officers trained to train other police officers in active-shooter response tactics. Traditionally, law enforcement training has centered around an instructor-led classroom setting. Finally, the last part of the article will discuss examples of individuals and groups of citizens using firearms in self-defense during the recent unrest in the absence of effective law enforcement. fire-arms and dog handlers) as these individuals often move between police stations. Morrison, G. B. Results were broadly similar to the original analyses except that the point estimate for the number of individuals with a mental health tag involved in any incident was statistically significant. Afterwards, to maintain certification, the dog should be reexamined on an annual basis. Funding acquisition, All officers must also undertake a 2–3 hour online mental health training package as part of their basic training at the start of their career. Methodology, Retrieved from https://www.policeone.com. Together, these earlier generations have blended fairly successfully within the traditional industrial style of police orga-nizations. Resources, At baseline, a median of 55 individuals with a mental health warning marker were involved in incidents assigned to trial stations in the intervention group, and 65 in the control group (Table 4). Correspondence to Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 29, 226–245. There are relatively few trials that have been conducted within the police setting but our trial has demonstrated that it is feasible to do so. Methodology, Data were extracted from the Niche and STORM systems using ibase (IMB) by an NYP intelligence analyst. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Some of the contamination in our trial was due to movement of police officers between stations. The funders and administrators played no role in finalising the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation or report writing. At follow-up, a median of 397 incidents were assigned to trial stations in the intervention group, and 498 in the control group. Ergonomics, 60(5), 669–679. Yes . Supervision, A total of 8434 incidents were reported to NYP between 15th November and 14th December 2016 (inclusive), of which 6353 (75.3%) were attended by at least one officer from a police station involved in the trial; 2860 (45.0%) in the intervention group; and 3493 (55.0%) in the control group (Table 3). Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. Retrieved from https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p311-pub.pdf. Our specialised mental health training package was also evaluated through a survey and qualitative interviews with frontline officers. To overcome challenges associated with contamination and sample size, future trials may wish to considerr using a stepped wedge design [20]. For each incident, details of the officer(s) who attended the incident were received including their rank and the station they report to. Visualization, If the OIC reported to a station allocated to the intervention group, then the incident was analysed in the intervention group and vice versa with the control group. The Mental Health Partnership Development Inspector for NYP identified eligible police stations by manually extracting details of the rank and number of frontline officers within each police station from NYP’s IT system. Investigation, Safer Neighbourhood Command area; TEMPO, Methodology, A systematic review of qualitative studies found that mental health training may improve how individuals respond to situations involving mental health, their perceptions of mental health (e.g. Police arrest and self-defence skills: Performance under anxiety of officers with and without additional experience in martial arts. Investigation, At a time when there have been significant cuts to mental health services, the amount of police time spent responding to incidents involving individuals with mental health problems has led to concerns that police officers are being relied on as a ‘first resort’, which is not only placing strain on the police but leading to concerns for public safety [5] [6]. Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of York, York, England, Roles These data have been used by the College of Policing (CoP) to estimate that approximately 15–20% of police time is spent on incidents linked to mental health in England and Wales [4]. Caro, C. A. A random sample of 100 incidents (50 from the baseline sample and 50 from follow-up) were reviewed by an independent mental health professional to assess whether or not a mental health tag should have been applied to the incident. Quantifying police officers’ arrest and self-defence skills: Does performance decrease under pressure? Resources, No, Is the Subject Area "Police" applicable to this article? Renden, P. G., Landman, A., Geerts, S. F., Jansen, S. E. M., Faber, G. S., Savelsbergh, G. J. P., & Oudejans, R. R. D. (2014). Funding acquisition, NYP officers’ knowledge, attitudes, understanding, confidence and response to individuals with mental health problems were also evaluated through a survey and qualitative interviews, the results of which will be reported elsewhere (manuscript submitted). Visualization, This project was funded by the Higher Education Funding Council for England and the Home Office and administered by the College of Policing. Randomisation was undertaken by a statistician at the York Trials Unit (YTU). Police officers in Minnesota and nationally are not adequately trained to de-escalate situations or to recognize their biases, instead they are trained extensively on how to use force, which results in increased use of force incidents. Between 189 and 264 eligible incidents were reported on each day of the month, and more incidents were reported on a Saturday than any other day of the week (Table 2). Police misconduct and use of force have come under increasing scrutiny and public attention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. This site collects data, reports, and policy proposals for local officials to end violence and hold police accountable. Findings from the systematic review suggest that training is most effective when it is delivered by mental health professionals using a variety of different delivery methods [10]. A summary of the intervention details is provided in S1 Table. We were also required to make some changes to our pre-defined outcomes due to issues with obtaining routinely collected police data (e.g. In this paper we report on the findings from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of the effectiveness of a face-to-face mental health training intervention delivered by mental health practitioners to frontline police officers in addition to routine training, compared to routine training only in reducing demand on police time. Luiselli, J. K., & Reed, D. D. (2015). The police may benefit from a review of their recording practices to ensure that the vast amounts of routinely collected data that is being collected can be utilised and is fit for purpose. The training aimed to enhance officers’ understanding of and ability to: identify mental vulnerability; record relevant information using available systems; respond using appropriate internal and external resources; refer vulnerable people into services to provide longer-term assistance; and review incidents to make sure that risks have been effectively managed. Horner, R. D., & Baer, D. M. (1978). Post-hoc sensitivity analyses, suggested by the reviewer, were undertaken for the primary and secondary outcomes whereby incidents were assigned to a trial station based purely on the trial station the attending officers most commonly reported to. Police officers are often the first to respond to incidents involving individuals with mental health problems in crisis [3]. At follow-up, the corresponding figures are 57 and 62, respectively (adjusted IRR 1.39, 95% CI 0.91 to 2.10, p = 0.13). Confidence Interval; CIT, For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click Dartfish. Of these, 249 (69.1%) officers received the specialised mental health training intervention at one of 25 training events; 224 from stations allocated to the intervention group, 15 from stations allocated to the control group, and 10 from non-trial stations. The authors confirm that all ongoing and related trials for this drug/intervention are registered. The CAD log is a transcript that is recorded during live incidents (e.g. Most incidents in each group were attended to only by officers reporting to stations allocated to that group (n = 2033, 63.4% in the intervention group; n = 2013, 58.2% in the control group). data analysts, senior police officers, police practitioners) are included in research teams and are involved in the design, delivery and evaluation of the research. No, Is the Subject Area "Systematic reviews" applicable to this article? In today’s evolving world, law enforcement is faced with staying up-to-date on a wider range of issues than ever before. NCJ 249216). There’s Only One Fix. PubMed Resources, This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 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