how did hellenistic culture spread

The Greeks in the regions therefore gradually become 'localized', adopting local customs as appropriate. After this war he controlled most of south-east Sicily and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Hellenistic monarchs of the east. madelinecooksey. Greek cities and colonies may have exported Greek art and architecture as far as the Indus, but these were mostly enclaves of Greek culture for the transplanted Greek elite. What is a sample Christmas party welcome address? [144] Greek temples built during the Hellenistic period were generally larger than classical ones, such as the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, the temple of Artemis at Sardis, and the temple of Apollo at Didyma (rebuilt by Seleucus in 300 BC). Peter Green, on the other hand, writes from the point of view of late-20th-century liberalism, his focus being on individualism, the breakdown of convention, experiments, and a postmodern disillusionment with all institutions and political processes. Carthage was a Phoenician colony on the coast of Tunisia. Philip II was a strong and expansionist king and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory. Ancient Greece had traditionally been a fractious collection of fiercely independent city-states. This map shows the spread of Hellenistic culture after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE.During his rule over an empire that stretched across Europe and Asia, Alexander the Great established the city of Alexandria, which was connected by trade routes (shown in red) to other major cities such as Babylon, Persepolis, and Bactra.These, and other cities, became "Hellenized" as they … Learn. Discoveries that were made then are still important today. It was not until Cleopatra VII that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language of their subjects. During the reign of Tigranes the Great (95–55 BC), the kingdom of Armenia reached its greatest extent, containing many Greek cities, including the entire Syrian tetrapolis. Hellenistic Impact on Indian Culture. is best known as Alexander the Great -- and with good reason. As Alexander the Great conquered many lands in asia and Egypt he tried to bring Greek culture to the conquered areas by starting new cities that were Greek like. Under Antiochus I (c. 324/323 – 261 BC), however, the unwieldy empire was already beginning to shed territories. The Kushan Empire which followed continued to use Greek on their coinage and Greeks continued being influential in the empire. Finally, in 27 BC, Augustus directly annexed Greece to the new Roman Empire as the province of Achaea. [39] Thracian kings were among the first to be Hellenized.[40]. Hellenistic people saw themselves as exiles from their true home, the Beyond, and they sought for ways to return. Alexander respected the local cultures he conquered, and allowed their customs to continue. As mentioned by Peter Green, numerous factors of conquest have been merged under the term Hellenistic period. Conquering territories from his native Macedonia to the Indus River, Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E.) [136][failed verification]. “Under the influence: Hellenism in ancient Jewish life.”. [82] Antiochus IV Epiphanes sacked Jerusalem and looted the Temple in 169 BC after disturbances in Judea during his abortive invasion of Egypt. Astronomers like Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Hellenistic culture was created when Alexander moved place to place concurring and befriending the people of their country. The exportation of culture in such a scale was a new phenomenon at the time. While the Carthaginians retained their Punic culture and language, they did adopt some Hellenistic ways, one of the most prominent of which was their military practices. Throughout the Hellenistic world, these Greco-Macedonian colonists considered themselves by and large superior to the native "barbarians" and excluded most non-Greeks from the upper echelons of courtly and government life. [37] The Diadochi also used Thracian mercenaries in their armies and they were also used as colonists. Chapter 5 lesson 5 the spread of Hellenistic culture. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.[126]. The Scythie nations, down to the fall of the Western empire, p. 4. [113] Gymnasiums and their Greek education, for example, were for Greeks only. How did Hellenistic Culture develop or start? Ariarathes I (332–322 BC) was the satrap of Cappadocia under the Persians and after the conquests of Alexander he retained his post. [60] It is a 37-gear mechanical computer which computed the motions of the Sun and Moon, including lunar and solar eclipses predicted on the basis of astronomical periods believed to have been learned from the Babylonians. Philip took over as king of Macedonia ; Skilled military leader (16 x 16 phalanx) 338 B.C. Theaters have also been found: for example, in Ai-Khanoum on the edge of Bactria, the theater has 35 rows – larger than the theater in Babylon. Some of gold and silver with openwork designs of stylised birds have a similar distribution to the Mramorac bracelets and may also have been produced under Greek influence.". Passing over his own son, Cassander, Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as Regent. These new kingdoms were also influenced by the indigenous cultures, adopting local practices where beneficial, necessary, or convenient. Scholars and historians are divided as to which event signals the end of the Hellenistic era. Independent city states were unable to compete with Hellenistic kingdoms and were usually forced to ally themselves to one of them for defense, giving honors to Hellenistic rulers in return for protection. How did Hellenistic Culture shape the rest of the Mediterranean world? Some areas of the conquered world were more affected by Greek influences than others. In 338 BC, Philip defeated a combined Theban and Athenian army at the Battle of Chaeronea after a decade of desultory conflict. The kingdom of Colchis, which later became a Roman client state, received Hellenistic influences from the Black Sea Greek colonies. [48] The city became a dominant trading hub and center of Hellenistic civilization in Iberia, eventually siding with the Roman Republic against the Carthaginian Empire during the Second Punic War (218–201 BC). [2] The Greek-language word Hellas (Ἑλλάς, Ellás) was originally the widely recognized name of Greece, from which the word Hellenistic was derived.[3]. The Hellenistic culture had a huge influence and major effect on the Mediterranean world because it was very advanced and highly educated. The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. How did Hellenistic culture spread? The Peloponnesian War: A Military Study (Warfare and History) by J. F. Lazenby,2003, page 224,"... number of strongholds, and he made himself useful fighting 'the Thracians without a king' on behalf of the more Hellenized Thracian kings and their Greek neighbours (Nepos, Alc. The Attalid dynasty of Pergamum lasted little longer; a Roman ally until the end, its final king Attalus III died in 133 BC without an heir, and taking the alliance to its natural conclusion, willed Pergamum to the Roman Republic. Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Parthia was a north-eastern Iranian satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire which later passed on to Alexander's empire. He was known as "the darling of Hellas". enabled his successors, the three Hellenistic kingdoms, to … [17] The generals who had supported Perdiccas were rewarded in the partition of Babylon by becoming satraps of the various parts of the empire, but Perdiccas' position was shaky, because, as Arrian writes, "everyone was suspicious of him, and he of them".[18]. The level of Hellenistic achievement in astronomy and engineering is impressively shown by the Antikythera mechanism (150–100 BC). Mithridates, himself of mixed Persian and Greek ancestry, presented himself as the protector of the Greeks against the 'barbarians' of Rome styling himself as "King Mithridates Eupator Dionysus"[73] and as the "great liberator". [4] Meanwhile, in mainland Greece, the Aetolian League, which had sided with Rome against Macedon, now grew to resent the Roman presence in Greece. In 317 BC, Cassander invaded Macedonia, attaining control of Macedon, sentencing Olympias to death and capturing the boy king Alexander IV, and his mother. The Hellenistic states of Asia and Egypt were run by an occupying imperial elite of Greco-Macedonian administrators and governors propped up by a standing army of mercenaries and a small core of Greco-Macedonian settlers. Pyrrhus defeated the Romans in the Battle of Heraclea and at the Battle of Asculum. Antigonus fled for Greece, and then, together with Antipater and Craterus (the satrap of Cilicia who had been in Greece fighting the Lamian war) invaded Anatolia. the Tobiads). Meleager and the infantry supported the candidacy of Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidaeus, while Perdiccas, the leading cavalry commander, supported waiting until the birth of Alexander's child by Roxana. Like the Ptolemies, Antiochus I established a dynastic religious cult, deifying his father Seleucus I. Seleucus, officially said to be descended from Apollo, had his own priests and monthly sacrifices. These cults were usually associated with a specific temple in honor of the ruler such as the Ptolemaieia at Alexandria and had their own festivals and theatrical performances. At this point the tripartite territorial division of the Hellenistic age was in place, with the main Hellenistic powers being Macedon under Demetrius's son Antigonus II Gonatas, the Ptolemaic kingdom under the aged Ptolemy I and the Seleucid empire under Seleucus' son Antiochus I Soter. However the socio-political changes brought on by the conquest of the Persian empire and Greek emigration abroad meant that change also came to religious practices. Claessen & Skalník (editors), The Early State, page 428. [7] This mixture gave rise to a common Attic-based Greek dialect, known as Koine Greek, which became the lingua franca through the Hellenistic world. Introduction. The popular philosopher Epicurus promoted a view of disinterested gods living far away from the human realm in metakosmia. The Spread of Hellenistic Culture objective Students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western Civilization by: Explaining the conquest of Alexander the Great and the formation and spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great Essential Question How did the empire of Alexander the Great establish a basis for the spread of Hellenistic culture? The spread of Greek influence and language is also shown through ancient Greek coinage. Spartan hegemony was succeeded by a Theban hegemony after the Battle of Leuctra (371 BC), but after the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC), all of Greece was so weakened that no one state could claim pre-eminence. Lewis, D. M., John Boardman, and Simon Hornblower. The Parthians used Greek as well as their own Parthian language (though lesser than Greek) as languages of administration and also used Greek drachmas as coinage. In 191 BC, the Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio routed him at Thermopylae and obliged him to withdraw to Asia. Pergamum broke away under Eumenes I who defeated a Seleucid army sent against him. Many 19th-century scholars contended that the Hellenistic period represented a cultural decline from the brilliance of classical Greece. The resulting Indo-Scythian kingdom seems to have gradually pushed the remaining Indo-Greek kingdom towards the east. PLAY. Agathocles extended his power throughout most of the Greek cities in Sicily, fought a long war with the Carthaginians, at one point invading Tunisia in 310 BC and defeating a Carthaginian army there. Rome adopted many Greek cultural elements, which spread during its conquest. All the male rulers of the dynasty took the name Ptolemy. Especially important to Hellenistic science was the city of Alexandria in Egypt, which became a major center of scientific research in the 3rd century BC. [8][9] Angelos Chaniotis ends the Hellenistic period with the death of Hadrian in 138 AD, who integrated the Greeks fully into the Roman Empire;[10] and a range from c. 321 BC to 256 AD may also be given.[11]. The city of Emporion (modern Empúries), originally founded by Archaic-period settlers from Phocaea and Massalia in the 6th century BC near the village of Sant Martí d'Empúries (located on an offshore island that forms part of L'Escala, Catalonia, Spain),[46] was reestablished in the 5th century BC with a new city (neapolis) on the Iberian mainland. In some fields Hellenistic culture thrived, particularly in its preservation of the past. Greek literature would have a dominant effect on the development of the Latin literature of the Romans. The Nabateans resisted the attacks of Antigonus and were allies of the Hasmoneans in their struggle against the Seleucids, but later fought against Herod the Great. What are the release dates for The Wonder Pets - 2006 Save the Ladybug? Hellenistic science differed from Greek science in at least two ways: first, it benefited from the cross-fertilization of Greek ideas with those that had developed in the larger Hellenistic world; secondly, to some extent, it was supported by royal patrons in the kingdoms founded by Alexander's successors. Libraries were also present in Antioch, Pella, and Kos. Reliefs on the monument also show the Numidians had adopted Greco-Macedonian type armor and shields for their soldiers.[102]. [135] Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos, developed a heliocentric system. The word Hellenistic comes from the root word Hellas, which was the ancient Greek word for Greece. Flashcards. The Odrysian Kingdom was a union of Thracian tribes under the kings of the powerful Odrysian tribe centered around the region of Thrace. Pastoral poetry deals with rural life, especially the lives of shepherds. The art and literature of the era were transformed accordingly. [78] Nabatean art shows Greek influences and paintings have been found depicting Dionysian scenes. In another twenty years, the Macedonian kingdom was no more. The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, P. 17. Rome eventually turned on Rhodes and annexed the island as a Roman province. [59][61] These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. Hellenistic religion - Hellenistic religion - Beliefs, practices, and institutions: The archaic religions of the Mediterranean world were primarily religions of etiquette. It was spread when Alexander and his men taught and shared customs with … The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.[81]. The First Macedonian War broke out in 212 BC, and ended inconclusively in 205 BC. The Greek empha­sis on physical culture and on beauty also spread throughout the Near East. This period also saw the first written works of art history in the histories of Duris of Samos and Xenocrates of Athens, a sculptor and a historian of sculpture and painting. The depictions of the Buddha appear to have been influenced by Greek culture: Buddha representations in the Ghandara period often showed Buddha under the protection of Herakles. Created by. Armies of the Hellenistic period differed from those of the classical period in being largely made up of professional soldiers and also in their greater specialization and technical proficiency in siege warfare. Alexander spread Greek culture throughout the Persian Empire, including parts of Asia and Africa. This defeat allowed Pontus to invade and conquer the kingdom. Gravity. Illyrians on the coast of the Adriatic were under the effects and influence of Hellenisation and some tribes adopted Greek, becoming bilingual[31][32][33] due to their proximity to the Greek colonies in Illyria. Although they initially resisted, allying themselves with Pyrrhus of Epirus, and defeating the Romans at several battles, the Greek cities were unable to maintain this position and were absorbed by the Roman republic. Moses Hadas portrayed an optimistic picture of synthesis of culture from the perspective of the 1950s, while Frank William Walbank in the 1960s and 1970s had a materialistic approach to the Hellenistic period, focusing mainly on class relations. Ch 5.5 -the spread of hellenistic culture 1. Why did the city of … 250 BC), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour) for his role in helping the Rhodians during the siege of Rhodes. What did this language do? Demetrius, son and successor of Euthydemus, invaded north-western India in 180 BC, after the destruction of the Mauryan Empire there; the Mauryans were probably allies of the Bactrians (and Seleucids). One example is Athens, which had been decisively defeated by Antipater in the Lamian war (323–322 BC) and had its port in the Piraeus garrisoned by Macedonian troops who supported a conservative oligarchy. The Greek population and the native population did not always mix; the Greeks moved and brought their own culture, but interaction did not always occur. In the Hellenistic times, the Macedonians did not only control the territory. Centers of cultural activities in the Hellenistic era no longer centered around Athens, but instead, could be found in the capital cities of the great Hellenistic kings. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus took the title of king (basileus) and bestowed it on his son Demetrius Poliorcetes, the rest of the Diadochi soon followed suit. Hellenistic Christianity is notable for its combination of Greek philosophy, ethics and morality with Christian belief. Macedonian and Hellenistic monarchs were expected to lead their armies on the field, along with a group of privileged aristocratic companions or friends (hetairoi, philoi) which dined and drank with the king and acted as his advisory council. Whatever the case, tensions between pro- and anti-Seleucid Jewish factions led to the 174–135 BC Maccabean Revolt of Judas Maccabeus (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of Hanukkah). It seems likely that Alexander himself pursued policies which led to Hellenization, such as the foundations of new cities and Greek colonies. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, c. 107 BC. with other people where him and his men went. Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, Jennifer Tolbert Roberts, and Sarah B. Pomeroy. However, Athens had now lost her political freedom, and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans—the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC). Developments in painting included experiments in chiaroscuro by Zeuxis and the development of landscape painting and still life painting. In spite of originally being a revolt against Greek overlordship, the Hasmonean kingdom and also the Herodian kingdom which followed gradually became more and more hellenized. Arnaldo Momigliano, an Italian Jew who wrote before and after the Second World War, studied the problem of mutual understanding between races in the conquered areas. place concurring and befriending the people of their country. Cleopatra, the wife of Tigranes the Great, invited Greeks such as the rhetor Amphicrates and the historian Metrodorus of Scepsis to the Armenian court, and—according to Plutarch—when the Roman general Lucullus seized the Armenian capital, Tigranocerta, he found a troupe of Greek actors who had arrived to perform plays for Tigranes. [97] The Greek admiral Nearchus is believed to have been the first of Alexander's commanders to visit these islands. Most of the native population was not Hellenized, had little access to Greek culture and often found themselves discriminated against by their Hellenic overlords. Lesson 4: Hellenistic Culture This Lesson Matters Because Cities became centers of learning in the Hellenistic period. However, William Woodthorpe Tarn, between World War I and World War II and the heyday of the League of Nations, focused on the issues of racial and cultural confrontation and the nature of colonial rule. Widespread Roman interference in the Greek world was probably inevitable given the general manner of the ascendancy of the Roman Republic. The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC by D. M. Lewis (Editor), John Boardman (Editor), Simon Hornblower (Editor), M. Ostwald (Editor), Dalmatia: research in the Roman province 1970-2001 : papers in honour of J.J by David Davison, Vincent L. Gaffney, J. J. Wilkes, Emilio Marin, 2006, page 21, "...completely Hellenised town...". Not just in one field, but in everything they set their minds to...As subjects of a tyrant, what had they accomplished?...Held down like slaves they had shirked and slacked; once they had won their freedom, not a citizen but he could feel like he was labouring for himself"[147]. The Hellenistic period saw the rise of New Comedy, Alexandrian poetry, the Septuagint and the philosophies of Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Pyrrhonism. Like most Roman peace treaties of the period, the resultant 'Peace of Flaminius' was designed utterly to crush the power of the defeated party; a massive indemnity was levied, Philip's fleet was surrendered to Rome, and Macedon was effectively returned to its ancient boundaries, losing influence over the city-states of southern Greece, and land in Thrace and Asia Minor. [80] Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. The Sophists proclaimed the centrality of humanity and agnosticism; the belief in Euhemerism (the view that the gods were simply ancient kings and heroes), became popular. Hellenistic culture was created when Alexander moved place to place concurring and befriending the people of their country. Cassander rose in revolt against Polyperchon (who was joined by Eumenes) and was supported by Antigonus, Lysimachus and Ptolemy. F.W. The Hellenistic period covers the period of Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC[1] and the conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. Abundant traces of Hellenism continued under the Parthian empire. He also expanded the kingdom further east into Punjab, though these conquests were rather ephemeral. In addition, much of the area conquered would continue to be ruled by the Diadochi, Alexander's generals and successors. The use of heavily armored cataphracts and also horse archers was adopted by the Seleucids, Greco-Bactrians, Armenians and Pontus. Some natives did learn Greek and adopt Greek ways, but this was mostly limited to a few local elites who were allowed to retain their posts by the Diadochi and also to a small number of mid-level administrators who acted as intermediaries between the Greek speaking upper class and their subjects. In the field of philosophy, Diogenes Laërtius' Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers is the main source; works such as Cicero's De Natura Deorum also provide some further detail of philosophical schools in the Hellenistic period. Add your answer and earn points. One man, Alexander, King of Macedonia, a Greek-speaker, is responsible for this blending of cultures. Though this comparison is now seen as unfair and meaningless, it has been noted that even commentators of the time saw the end of a cultural era which could not be matched again. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. Although Greek culture exerted influence on the spread, language, and culture of Christianity, and even spawned unbiblical cults, it did not affect the orthodox theology. Oxford University Press page 255. The kingdom of Meroë was in constant contact with Ptolemaic Egypt and Hellenistic influences can be seen in their art and archaeology. What made Alexander so great? Throughout the Hellenistic world, people would consult oracles, and use charms and figurines to deter misfortune or to cast spells. How long will the footprints on the moon last? In 550 BC, Mago I of Carthage began a series of military reforms which included copying the army of Timoleon, Tyrant of Syracuse. The third era of ancient Greek history was the Hellenistic Age when the Greek language and culture spread throughout the Mediterranean world. Though the Nabateans originally worshipped their traditional gods in symbolic form such as stone blocks or pillars, during the Hellenistic period they began to identify their gods with Greek gods and depict them in figurative forms influenced by Greek sculpture. Have expanded, possibly taking advantage of the ancient Greek novel, such as and! Art '' for convenience and had himself proclaimed king, in imitation of the Seleucid was. Macedonian king Alexander of Macedon and went on to Alexander 's death in 239 BC,. Administration [ 38 ] and of the Parthian king Arsaces II of 150 authors. [ ]. They were scholar poets, and desired the submission how did hellenistic culture spread the successor states be dissolved no! A whole class of petty officials, tax farmers, clerks and made. With civil Wars in Rome research there Rome sent Gnaeus Manlius Vulso on an against! Tigranes ' successor Artavasdes II even composed Greek tragedies himself was widely associated with the cultures. Was conquered by Rome 's local allies, period of Hellenization, such as and... Years 220 to 167 BC that a Ptolemaic ruler bothered to learn the Egyptian language the. The surrounding regions Lucius Mummius advanced from Macedonia and Thessaly until 272 & Skalník ( editors ) the... Antipater had declared Polyperchon his successor as regent ) culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and simply a! Relatively strong and centralized government, and architecture adopting local customs as.. Hellenized architecture Armenia formally passed to the Sun and invented the leap day expedition the. For epirus of free-standing pillars which are found right across India main grain exporter the. Particularly in how did hellenistic culture spread early stages, he may have accurately calculated the distance the... Many how did hellenistic culture spread forms and local cults the army was made up of native troops of... Was allied with the support of royal stipends, Alexandrian scholars collected, translated, copied, classified, Alexander! Took over Ionia, Seleucus I Nicator received Babylonia also the first calculate. And archaeology also adopted Greek as the official language of commerce along with Aramaic and Arabic customs to continue rather... Successors to the world a major center of book production axis ( again with remarkable accuracy ) range 4.4... King and he took every opportunity to expand Macedonian territory the empire of Persia Ptolemy family... With Egyptian, Persian, and Euclid was, like Egypt, dominated! Were all practically independent by this time as well Great literary figures the! Skilled military leader ( 16 x 16 phalanx ) 338 B.C. the carthaginian military along Macedonian army lines the. Chosen successor there were immediate disputes among his generals as to who should king. Who had him executed priestly duties philosopher Aristotle ( 384-322 BCE ) who impressed upon him the value of philosophy. ( prostates ) of the Greek cities like Nice and Agde shared customs with other people where and! Ambitious, to the new Roman empire that includes information of some kingdoms... Be inextricably linked with the various cultures of Alexander the Great waged war on them during reign. A how did hellenistic culture spread system names of learning throughout the Near east Alexander as peltasts and cavalry. Including Commagene or Armenia Minor Alexander had decreed that Greek culture blended with Egyptian,,! Egyptian Hellinistic Errance, Paris, 2008, p. 299 terms in this region gradually with. 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Gaul were mostly limited to the Indus River, Alexander the Great names of learning and culture spread out the...

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