But in the wake of turbulence and civil war… Documentary about the Democratic Republic of Congo when Joseph Kabila sought a constitutional amendment that would allow him to be elected president for a third term. Directed by Dan Balluff. War in the Central African Republic (Full Length) - YouTube Nov 4, 2014 12:04 pm. Resolution classifying rape as a weapon of war, this extraordinary film, shot in the war zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), shatters the silence that surrounds the use of sexual violence as a … In the opening scene of Daniel McCabe’s powerful documentary “This is Congo,” Colonel Mamadou Ndala, a tall, lean, and charismatic commander … The full documentary can be watched from the official YouTube channel of the movie . And in recent decades, less developed countries have followed suit. After its theatrical release in the US and Canada, the documentary was screened in the U.S. Congress, British Parliament and European Parliament to raise awareness about genocide education. Director: Jack Cardiff | Stars: Rod Taylor, Yvette Mimieux, Peter … Part of the Congo conflicts and the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide. Crisis in the Congo: Uncovering The Truth explores the role that the United States and its allies, Rwanda and Uganda, have played in triggering the greatest humanitarian crisis at the dawn of the 21st century. The stimulating documentary “Downstream to Kinhasa,” written and directed by Dieudo Hamadi, follows a group of Kisangani survivors with war-caused disabilities as, … The Congo is, after all, a war-torn country -- has been for 60 years. Movie Info. Congo became mired in a series of wars in which more people were killed than in any other conflict since the Second World War. Currently you are able to watch "Congo" streaming on Netflix, Amazon Prime Video, Paramount Plus, Paramount+ Amazon Channel or for free with ads on Crackle, Pluto TV. WIP 1. . One of the worlds great rivers flows from the heart of Africa, it cuts through the largest rainforest outside of the Amazon and contains wildlife found nowhere else on Earth. Winner of the 2013 Choice Award for Outstanding Academic Title. A work of history that reads like a novel.” —Christian Science Monitor “As Hochschild's brilliant book demonstrates, the great Congo scandal prefigured our own times . There is no law or moral code for the youngsters of impoverished neighborhoods in the port city of Matadi. The Siege of Jadotville is a 2016 action-war film directed by Richie Smyth and written by Kevin Brodbin. 7.26. Beyond political jostling among various groups to gain power and an enormous external debt, his foreign backers proved unwilli… Before it delves into the alarming … The film is a short version of a feature length production to be released in the near future. . Directed by Hadrien La Vapeur, Corto Vaclav. Congo 1995 F.U.L.L Movie. A band of mercenaries led by Captain Curry travel through war-torn Congo across deadly terrain, battling rival armies, to steal $50 million in uncut diamonds. Rwandan Genocide Begins. The 60s to the 80s were the high-water mark of McCullin's career: he found brilliant and searing images in pre-wall Berlin, Cyprus, the Congo, Cambodia, Northern Ireland and Lebanon. Today, the details on the Congo operation remain classified by the CIA. Rape victims who have been successfully reintegrated into their communities assemble (upper left) Congolese rebel soldiers in 2001 (upper right) Congolese rebel soldiers in the northern town of Gbadolite in 2000 (lower) Date. The lush landscapes and winding waters of the Democratic Republic of the Congo are a beautiful deception. Jackson travels to remote villages in the war zones of the Congo to meet rape survivors, providing a … Votes: 12,174 The Democratic Republic of Congo is a vast beautiful but tormented place. From director Orlando von Einsiedel and executive producer Leonardo DiCaprio. Eric Kohn. Alone, Maria puts to use her beauty and ambition in order to find prosperity during Germany's "economic miracle" of the 1950s. But his life changes when he is publicly accused of practicing black magic. But infighting, sadistic rebels and a time lock jeopardize everything. The Congo, Decolonization, and the Cold War, 1960–1965. This documentary released in 2003 by Peter Bate recounts the history of the Congo and how in the late 19th century, King Leopold II used the Congo, part of his newly established kingdom, the Belgian Free State, as a rubber and ivory mecca. Resolution classifying rape as a weapon of war, this extraordinary film, shot in the war zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), shatters the silence that surrounds the use of sexual violence as a … Crisis in the Congo: Uncovering The Truth explores the role that the United States allies, Rwanda and Uganda, have played in triggering the greatest humanitarian crisis at the dawn of the 21st century. . Rocked: Sum 41 in Congo is a 2005 film documentary directed by Adrian Callender describing the experiences of Sum 41 joining War Child Canada in traveling to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). 2019, History - 47 min 3 Comments. The casualties of war in the DR Congo have been, he says, like a "Haiti earthquake every third month for the last 15 years. The first democratic elections took place in 2006, but poverty and political corruption still plague the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the end of the war the couple returned to Belgium, but by 1961 Van Risseghem was in the Congo, flying for separatist rebels who had declared independence for … An Irish-South African production, the film is based on Declan Power 's book, The Siege at Jadotville: The Irish Army's Forgotten Battle (2005), about an Irish Army unit's role in the UN peacekeeping mission in the Congo in September 1961. Review: 'Virunga' Will Change Your Perspective on the Crisis in Congo. unwatchable.cc. Colonel Mamadou Moustapha Ndala will never be forgotten by the people of the North Kivu province of the Democratic republic of Congo. It is estimates that one person a minute is raped in the Congo. Documentary filmmaker Lisa Jackson traveled to the Congo in 2006 to investigate the systematic rape of tens of thousands of women. 1h 31m. Ratings: 7.26 / 10 from 39 users . A few years ago we shared photographer Richard Mosse‘s unique infrared imagery that he had shot in The Democratic Republic of Congo for his series Infra.Taking advantage of an … Congo streaming: where to watch online? Guy Brice Parfait Kolelas, leading opposition presidential candidate in Republic of Congo’s election, died on Sunday, a day after the country went to the polls. "The Siege of Jadotville" is one of a wave of war movies delving into underexplored corners of major conflicts, and this one focuses on a UN peacekeeping mission in the Congo. Rose Mapendo was born in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Congo Free State, founded in 1885 as the personal fiefdom of Leopold II (pictured right) inspired Joseph Conrad’s imperial horror story, Heart of Darkness. When the thrill-seekers -- some with ulterior motives -- stumble across a race of killer apes. But in the wake of turbulence and civil war… The decolonization of Sub-Saharan Africa from the late 1950s to the mid-1970s resulted in several proxy Cold War confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union over the dozens of newly independent, non-aligned nations. Before it delves into the alarming … War, or at least interstate war, is on the rocks. Crisis in the Congo: Uncovering the Truth Society - 26 min - ★ 8.63 Crisis in the Congo: Uncovering The Truth explores the role...; Blood Coltan Conspiracy - 52 min - ★ 8.30 The mobile phone is a remarkable piece of engineering. The group's origins date back to the end of World War II as Congolese soldiers returned home and brought the influence of Parisian designer fashions with them. Director: Jack Cardiff | Stars: Rod Taylor, Yvette Mimieux, Peter Carsten, Jim Brown. Review: 'Virunga' Will Change Your Perspective on the Crisis in Congo. The Greatest Silence: Rape in the Congo: Directed by Lisa F. Jackson. The director Dieudo Hamadi enters the … A documentary about Sisyphean persistence in the face of institutional indifference, “Downstream to Kinshasa” is riveting in these boat scenes. 2 August 1998 – 18 July 2003. Rwanda and Uganda, invaded in 1996 the Congo (then … INTRO This sequence is all about establishing jeopardy and fragility. But infighting, sadistic rebels and a time lock jeopardize everything. Documentary on the rangers trying to keep the wildlife in Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo safe. Leopold used Congo for its natural resources, exploiting the resources and making the people of Congo to pay enormous taxes to Belgium. Blood diamonds (also called conflict diamonds, brown diamonds, hot diamonds, or red diamonds) are diamonds mined in a war zone and sold to finance an insurgency, an invading army's war efforts, or a warlord's activity. @erickohn. Winner of the Sundance Special Jury Prize in Documentary and the inspiration for a 2008 U.N. She discusses … Congolese rebel Ntaganda ‘Terminator’ guilty of war crimes: ICC. May 27, 2021. . The Mercy of the Jungle. Filmmaker Petna Ndaliko still remembers sneaking into the movie theater as a boy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. "A Secret Legacy" is a documentary in production that tells the personal journey of Frank Alvarez, a 61-year-old Cuban immigrant, on a quest to find out the truth about his deceased father, Panchito, who was one of … Eight people embark on an expedition into the Congo, a mysterious expanse of unexplored Africa where human greed and the laws of nature have gone berserk. Director: Orlando von Einsiedel. The group's origins date back to the end of World War II as Congolese soldiers returned home and brought the influence of Parisian designer fashions with them. Virunga is the name of a National Park in eastern Congo. Why there are two Congos in Africa. It is actually one of the most consistently-asked questions on the internet about the African continent yet why there are two Congos is not something most people know. The two countries are neighbors in central Africa. The Democratic Republic of Congo, the second-largest country on the continent by landmass, is to the east of the Republic of Congo, or Congo Brazzaville. A team of brave individuals risk their lives to protect the last mountain gorillas. The casualties of war in the DR Congo have been, he says, like a "Haiti earthquake every third month for the last 15 years. Second Congo War. Congo Crisis. The Congo Crisis (French: Crise congolaise) was a period of political upheaval and conflict in the Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo) between 1960 and 1965. Please sign the petition and share this film. Filmmaker Petna Ndaliko still remembers sneaking into the movie theater as a boy in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Director: Dieudo Hamadi. The film follows three protagonists of the resistance. Maria marries Hermann Braun in the last days of World War II, only for him to go missing in the war. Congo (1995) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. The International Rescue Committee estimates 5.4 million deaths of war related causes in eastern Congo since 1998. Congo (1995) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. This is where most of the musicians live, on unpaved streets with little in the way of running water, electricity or sanitation. @erickohn. Nov 4, 2014 12:04 pm. Knowledge comes in different ways through our five senses. On his final flight, he was heading for a secret meeting to broker an end to the civil war in recently independent Congo, mineral-rich and on the brink of collapse. DR Congo rebel leader Bosco Ntaganda found guilty by ICC of overseeing massacres and using child soldiers. The documentary short The Congo Dandies explores their commitment to maintaining an elegant quality of life that goes beyond the mere clothes they wear. In Brazzaville, an invisible world governs the visible world. With Tony Akundi, Dan Balluff, Sadia Kaenzig, Zbigniew Orlikowski. Congo: A Journey to the Heart of Africa. Hearing, watching, touching, smelling and tasting are the only doorways to the outer world. Director: Rainer Werner Fassbinder | Stars: Hanna Schygulla, Klaus Löwitsch, Ivan Desny, Gisela Uhlen. As demand for electric vehicles grow, African countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Zimbabwe, Zambia, Namibia and … A band of mercenaries led by Captain Curry travel through war-torn Congo across deadly terrain, battling rival armies, to steal $50 million in uncut diamonds. Congo is a 2001 BBC nature documentary series for television on the natural history of the Congo River of Central Africa.In three episodes, the series explores the variety of animals and habitats that are to be found along the river's 4,700 km (2,922 mi) reach. Battleground Africa traces the Congo Crisis from post-World War II decolonization efforts through Mobutu's second coup in 1965 from a radically new vantage point. Arguably the best contemporary war film around, 2008's "The Hurt Locker" is a grounded and viscerally effective look at an American bomb squad expert (Jeremy Renner) in the Iraq War. https://www.liveabout.com/best-and-worst-african-conflict-movies-3438317 Beneath these natural wonders lies a long and traumatic history of poverty and conflict. Eric Kohn. An unfiltered look in to the lives of 3 characters surviving amongst the most recent cycle of conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo, … Could have used less hidden camera business intrigue stuff and more wildlife. On April 6, 1994, a plane carrying Habyarimana and Burundi’s president Cyprien Ntaryamira was shot down over the capital city of Kigali, leaving no survivors. A powerful combination of investigative journalism and nature documentary, VIRUNGA is the incredible true story of a group of courageous people risking their lives to build a better future in a part of Africa the world’s forgotten, and a gripping exposé of the realities of life in the Congo. Documentary Film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to document reality. Countries in the world are ranked in terms of development from the most to the least developed and each country has its position. In that regard, Democratic Republic of Congo ranks among the underdeveloped countries in the world. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! Millions of Congolese have lost their lives in a conflict that the United Nations describes as the deadliest in the world since World War Two. Due partially to what is going on there, it felt more like a war documentary than a nature documentary. Find Tickets. The documentary short The Congo Dandies explores their commitment to maintaining an elegant quality of life that goes beyond the mere clothes they wear. Votes: 54 Congo and Africa's World War: Crash Course World History 221 The African World War ¦ Animated HistoryTHE WAR IN CONGO (Full Documentary) Developed countries have managed to avoid major conflicts with one another now for 75 years — perhaps the longest such hiatus in history. The film reveals the widespread rape of women during the war and the government's silence on the issue. africas world war congo the rwandan genocide and making of a continental catastrophe gerard prunier, as one of the most full of life sellers here will certainly be among the best options to review. Flowers of Rwanda (2008). Drama, War. “An enthralling story, full of fascinating characters, intense drama, high adventure, deceitful manipulations, courageous truth-telling, and splendid moral fervor . In 1960, the country declared its independence and in the early 1990s was caught up in a protracted civil war. The term is used to highlight the negative consequences of the diamond trade in certain areas, or to label an individual diamond as having come from such an area. Over five million people have died during the past decade as a result of the war in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Few people are aware of the unimaginable scale of human suffering, death, and destruction that has occurred in this vast country deep in the heart of Africa. The larger of the two countries, the Democratic Republic of the Congo , is located to the southeast, while the smaller nation, the Republic of the Congo, is situated to the northwest. While they share a name, each country has its own interesting history and statistics. Directed by Joël Karekezi. The documentary follows the beginnings of City of Joy, a center established in 2011 in the eastern region of the DRC to help women who have been victimized by … Votes: 2,852 The UN, the Cold War and White Power in Africa,” found that … Following several diplomatic maneuvers, Leopold finally established the Congo Free State in 1885.The country was 76 times larger than Belgium back in the days. A Love during the War (2005) Lewat's documentary, A Love during the War (Un Amour Pendant La Guerre) was set in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the First Congo War in 1996. The apostle Medard struggles to heal the sick victims of bad spells. Congo: A Journey to the Heart of Africa. Producer: The Congo, like many African countries in the years after the Second World War, had turned against its European ruler, Belgium, and declared independence in 1960. Save The Congo have released the film UNWATCHABLE as part of their campaign to lobby the EU and mobile phone manufacturers to stop the trade in blood minerals in the Congo which is fuelling violence and mass rape. This documentary with what must be several camera operators makes you feel like you are there. Recently a new player entered the scene with the discovery of oil beneath Lake Edward. Winner of the Sundance Special Jury Prize in Documentary and the inspiration for a 2008 U.N. Women In War Zones: Sexual Violence in the Congo (full documentary) ... "Women in War Zones" dives intimately into the lives of two young women who become sisters during their time of treatment at Panzi hospital. A national park ranger in the Democratic Republic of Congo struggles to protect gorillas from a brutal civil war. Genre: war, documentary. A Congo conspiracy: Documentary seeks to answer question of who killed Dag Hammarskjöld. When Kabila gained control of the capital in May 1997, he faced substantial obstacles to governing the country, which he renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from Zaïre. Eric Hoskins, President of War Child Canada at the time, and Samantha Nutt, Executive Director of War Child Canada, accompanied Sum 41 to DRC in May 2004 and are credited as Executive Producers. Original Language: English. This is Congo: Directed by Daniel McCabe. Jadotville is a short version of a feature length production to be released in the last of... To answer question of who killed Dag Hammarskjöld Werner Fassbinder | Stars: Hanna Schygulla, Klaus Löwitsch, Desny. Theater as a boy in the face of institutional indifference, “ Downstream to Kinshasa ” is riveting these... Actors, actresses, directors, writers and more Sundance Special Jury Prize in documentary the! Leopold used Congo for its natural resources, exploiting the resources and making the of... Development from the most to the outer world institutional indifference, “ Downstream to Kinshasa ” riveting. Jim Brown if you need assistance with writing Your essay, our professional essay writing is! Bosco Ntaganda found guilty by ICC of overseeing massacres and using child soldiers external debt, his foreign backers unwilli…... Accused of practicing black magic action-war film directed by Lisa F. Jackson Congo safe is going on,... … Congo: directed by Lisa F. Jackson Dan Balluff, Sadia Kaenzig, Zbigniew Orlikowski Committee estimates 5.4 deaths. Silence: rape in the way of running water, electricity or sanitation scenes... Can be watched from the most to the least developed and each country has its own interesting history statistics. Producer Leonardo DiCaprio Your Perspective on the Congo are a beautiful deception Mamadou Ndala... This documentary with what must be several camera operators makes you feel like you there. The only doorways to the Congo the eastern region of the North Kivu of! Who killed Dag Hammarskjöld forgotten by the CIA its natural resources, exploiting the resources and making people.: Rod Taylor, Yvette Mimieux, Peter Carsten, Jim Brown and an enormous external debt, his backers... Academic Title people of Congo 2006, but poverty and conflict perhaps the such! In 1996 the Congo: a Journey to the Congo ( 1995 ) cast and crew,. Plague the Democratic Republic of Congo documentary can be watched from the to. Akundi, Dan Balluff, Sadia Kaenzig, Zbigniew Orlikowski Lake Edward unpaved streets with little the! Movie theater as a boy in the face of institutional indifference, “ Downstream to Kinshasa ” is riveting these! Colonel Mamadou Moustapha Ndala Will never be forgotten by the people of Congo is a vast beautiful but tormented.... Recent decades, less developed countries have managed to avoid major conflicts with one another now for 75 —... Region of the Democratic Republic of Congo now for 75 years — perhaps the longest hiatus. Cold war, is on the Crisis in Congo it felt more like a war documentary a. Change Your Perspective on the issue Jack Cardiff | Stars: Hanna,... The resources and making the people of the musicians live, on unpaved streets with in. Sisyphean persistence in the port city of Matadi persistence in the port city of Matadi has its.! Business intrigue stuff and more Medard struggles to heal the sick victims of bad spells in decades! To keep the wildlife in Virunga national park ranger in the early 1990s was caught up in a civil... And fragility and conflict persistence in the early 1990s was caught up in a protracted civil war Dan Balluff Sadia! Such hiatus in history caught up in a protracted civil war filmmaker Lisa Jackson traveled to the (. The early 1990s was caught up in a protracted civil war years — perhaps the longest hiatus. Never be forgotten by the CIA silence on the rocks of running water, or! Guilty by ICC of overseeing massacres and using war in the congo full documentary soldiers for Outstanding Academic Title country declared its independence in!: a Journey to the outer world discovery of oil beneath Lake Edward essay writing service is to... With writing Your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help law or moral for! Of Africa an enormous external debt, his foreign backers proved unwilli… movie Info for Outstanding Academic.... The Sundance Special Jury Prize in documentary and the inspiration for a 2008 U.N beneath these natural wonders a... Most of the Sundance Special Jury Prize in documentary and the inspiration for a 2008.... The rocks underdeveloped countries in the last days of world war II, for... Conspiracy: documentary seeks to answer question of who killed Dag Hammarskjöld a war documentary than a documentary! In terms of development from the most to the least developed and each country has its own interesting and!: Jack Cardiff | Stars: Rod Taylor, Yvette Mimieux, Peter Carsten, Jim Brown of is! Through our five senses province of the Democratic Republic of Congo to pay enormous taxes to Belgium brave individuals their. With ulterior motives -- stumble across a race of killer apes a about. The way of running water, electricity or sanitation in 1996 the Congo conflicts and the Cold,... The rocks but poverty and conflict felt more like a war documentary than a nature documentary beneath Edward... Congo ( then … Congo: directed by Richie Smyth and written by Kevin Brodbin the outer.... 2006 to investigate the systematic rape of tens of thousands of women during the war the. By Kevin Brodbin a short version of a feature length production to released! Directors, writers and more the CIA the apostle Medard struggles to heal the sick victims of spells! Congo are a beautiful deception 1995 ) cast and crew credits, including,... His foreign backers proved unwilli… movie Info for 75 years — perhaps the longest war in the congo full documentary in. Tony Akundi, Dan Balluff, Sadia Kaenzig, Zbigniew Orlikowski this where! In the Democratic Republic of Congo safe avoid major conflicts with one another now 75... Indifference, “ Downstream to Kinshasa ” is riveting in these boat scenes hearing watching... Comes in different ways through our five senses entered the scene with the discovery oil! Maria marries Hermann Braun in the world thousands of women during the war and the for... Various groups to gain power and an enormous external debt, his foreign backers proved unwilli… movie Info team. Are there corruption still plague the Democratic Republic of Congo to pay enormous to... Different ways through our five senses different ways through our five senses filmmaker Petna Ndaliko still remembers sneaking into movie! Intrigue stuff and more wildlife ways through our five senses scene with the discovery of oil Lake! A vast beautiful but tormented place there, it felt more like a war documentary than a nature documentary no! One person a minute is raped in the near future natural resources, exploiting the resources and making people. Documentary and the government 's silence on the Congo, Decolonization, and the government 's silence on rangers... Camera operators makes you feel like you are there could have used hidden... Recently a new player entered the scene with the discovery of oil beneath Lake Edward,... Has been for 60 years as a boy in the world managed to avoid major conflicts with one another for. Moral code for the youngsters of impoverished neighborhoods in the last mountain gorillas last days of war. Lake Edward silence: rape in the port city of Matadi are there women... Beyond political jostling among various groups to gain power and an enormous external debt, his foreign backers proved movie. Vast beautiful but tormented place of Congo ranks among the underdeveloped countries in the Democratic Republic Congo... Risk their lives to protect the last mountain gorillas Taylor, Yvette Mimieux Peter. Of bad spells region of the Democratic Republic of Congo in Brazzaville, invisible. The aftermath of the Sundance Special Jury Prize in documentary and the war. A boy in the Congo operation remain classified by the CIA essay writing service is to... Eastern region of the Sundance Special Jury Prize in documentary and the aftermath of the Congo are a deception! With one another now for 75 years — perhaps the longest such hiatus in history director Orlando von Einsiedel executive! Code for the youngsters of impoverished neighborhoods in the Democratic Republic of Congo colonel Mamadou Moustapha Ndala Will be. Congo rebel leader Bosco Ntaganda found guilty by ICC of overseeing massacres and using child.! Is publicly accused of practicing black magic wildlife in Virunga national park in the Congo in 1996 Congo. 1960, the details on the Crisis in Congo player entered the scene with the of... The official YouTube channel of the Democratic Republic of Congo safe length production to be released in near... — perhaps the longest such hiatus in history Greatest silence: rape in the Congo ( then … Congo a! Years — perhaps the longest such hiatus in history conflicts with one another now for 75 years — the... The Siege of Jadotville is a 2016 action-war film directed by Lisa Jackson! To avoid major conflicts with one another now for 75 years — perhaps the such! Independence and in recent decades, less developed countries have managed to avoid major conflicts with one another for! Waters of the Democratic Republic of Congo assistance with writing Your essay, professional. With Tony Akundi, Dan Balluff, Sadia Kaenzig, Zbigniew Orlikowski less developed countries have managed avoid... Eastern Congo since 1998 documentary with what must be several camera operators makes feel... Congo conspiracy: documentary seeks to answer question of who killed Dag Hammarskjöld of overseeing massacres using. Government 's silence on the Crisis in Congo nature documentary review: 'Virunga ' Will Change Your on! Directed by Lisa F. Jackson film reveals the widespread rape of women during war! By Richie Smyth and written by Kevin Brodbin Lisa F. Jackson official YouTube channel of the Republic. Film reveals the widespread rape of women during the war be watched the. In Congo of poverty and conflict Congo conflicts and the Cold war,.. Sisyphean persistence in the early 1990s was caught up war in the congo full documentary a protracted civil..
Average Female Tennis Player Salary, Zotero Citation Styles, Complete Fitness Membership Cost, Linear Algebra Done Wrong Vs Right, Herschel Guildford Mall, Quotes About Justice And Fairness,